摘 要

随着社会的发展以及能源、环保等问题的日益突出，纯电动汽车以其零排放，噪声低等优点越来越受到世界各国的重视，被称作绿色环保车。作为发展电动车的关键技术之一的电池管理系统(BMS)，是电动车产业纯的关键。

电池监控系统主要是对电池的电压、电流、温度等状态进行实时的监控，并及时地发送到汽车的控制系统中，为汽车整体的控制策略提供重要的实时参数。本课题以纯电动汽车为研究对象，了解动力电池特性及其荷电状态SOC（State of charge）估算方法与理论知识，完成电池实时监控系统的设计和开发。

根据系统设计的要求，确定一个磷酸铁锂电池监控系统总体设计方案。在本课题中主要是设计一个对整车动力电池单体测量的监控模块，将10个单体的模块通过CAN总线组成一个系统。下位机系统采用单体监控模块中串联，各模块之间也互相串联的方法进行监控工作。主要是先对隔离技术的研究：如对电池的隔离、对CAN总线的隔离、对MCU的供电隔离以及对电源的隔离；再是AD对电压采集部分的设计，用传感器对电流和温度采集。设计MCU的AD采样，运用PIC18F4580系列单片机实现对采样通道的选通；通过CAN总线对采集的数据进行处理并传送给上位机。上位机系统主要就是针对下位机硬件控制系统以及分析AD采集和CAN总线传输而来的数据的具体要求而设计的实时监控软件，以实现对下位机的控制。所以，本设计的电池监控系统采用模块化的程序设计，实现了对电池参数的采集处理及分析，并且对电池的各工作状态进行实时的监控。

同时本系统运用了综合的电池容量算法，提高了电池监控的效率，达到了实时性、准确性和可靠性的要求，可以很好的实现对磷酸铁锂电池参数的监控要求。

关键词：电池管理系统；SOC；PIC18F4580；CAN

ABSTRACT

With the social development，increasingly Prominent energy issues and Environmental Protection issues，Pure electric vehicles with zero emissions，low noise Advantages are getting growing attention by the world，known as the green car．Battery Management system(BMS)，as one of the key technologies for developing electric vehicles，is the key of electric vehicles industrialization．The Research amp; Development of BMS is a part of project-“The Research amp; Development of Electric Vehicle Based on SRM．”

Battery monitoring system is mainly the battery's voltage, current, temperature, real-time status monitoring, and timely sent to the vehicle's control system, the overall control strategy for the vehicle to provide important in real-time parameters. The topics to hybrid minibus as the research object, the energy to learn vehicle control strategy and control methods, while understanding power battery characteristics and state of charge SOC (State of charge) estimation method and theory of knowledge, real-time monitoring system to complete the battery design and development.
According to the design requirements, to establish a lithium iron phosphate monitoring system and program design. The main issue is in the design of a single measurement of the vehicle power battery monitoring module, the module will be 10 monomers form a system through the CAN bus. Controller system with single control module in series, each module connected in series between the method of monitoring work. Primarily to isolate each module technology research: If the isolation of individual cells for each block, the isolation of the CAN bus, on the MCU, the power supply isolation, and isolation; and temperature sensors on the current collection. MCU of AD sampling design, using PIC18F4580 family of single chip channel sampling strobe; through the CAN bus for processing the collected data and send to the host computer. Host computer system is mainly devoted to the lower computer hardware control systems and collection and analysis of AD CAN bus data transfer from the specific requirements of real-time monitoring software designed to achieve control on the lower computer. Therefore, the design of battery monitoring system uses a modular program design, implementation parameters for battery collection and processing and analysis, and the working status of the battery monitor in real time.
The system also used the integrated battery capacity algorithm to improve the efficiency of the battery monitor to achieve real-time, accuracy and reliability requirements, can be a good parameter to complete the lithium iron phosphate monitoring requirements.
 

Keywords: BMS; SOC; PIC18F4580; CAN

目录

1 绪论 1

1.1 纯电动汽车简述 1

1.2 纯电动汽车电池监控系统的研究现状 2

1.3 电池监控系统的研究意义 3

1.4 本论文主要研究内容 4

2 动力电池在EV中的应用 5

2.1 纯电动汽车中电池使用的种类 5

2.2 EV中磷酸铁锂电池概述 5

2.3 动力电池监控系统研究 6

2.3.1 电池SOC探讨 8

2.3.2 电池监控系统概述 12

2.4 实际EV中电池参数监控系统的类型 13

3 动力电池监控系统的设计 16

3.1 监控系统设计的要求与难点 16

3.2 监控系统硬件设计 18

3.2.1 系统硬件设计思路 18

3.2.2 隔离部分设计 20

3.2.3 MCU的AD电路设计 24

3.2.4 CAN通信设计 28

3.2.5 电源部分设计 32

3.2.6 电流传感器电路设计 32

3.2.7 电池温度采集电路设计： 34

4 软件设计 37

4.1 设计思路 37

4.2 AD算法并画出流程图 37

4.3 电流采集的软件设计 39

4.4 温度采集软件设计 39

4.5 SOC计算程序算法 42

4.6 程序代码编译与下载 43

4.7 显示界面设计 43

5 结论 45

致谢 46

参考文献： 47

附录： 49

1 绪 论

1.1课题背景及选题意义

随着石油资源的枯竭以及人们环保意识的提高，纯电动汽车将成为新世纪汽车发展的主流，并成为我国汽车界所有业内人士的共识。发展新能源汽车，实现汽车动力系统的新能源化，推动传统汽车产业的战略转型，在国际上已经达成共识。在这种形势下国内外都不约而同地将以新能源为代表的低碳产业作为国家战略选择，都希望通过新能源产业与传统汽车产业的结合，破解汽车工业能源环境制约，培育新型战略性产业，提升产业核心竞争力，发展低碳经济，实现新一轮经济增长。所以纯电动汽车因其低油耗、低排放的优势越来越受到人们的关注。

美、日、欧等发达国家和地区主要集中于电动汽车的研制^[1]。电池也由以前单一选用的铅酸电池，发展到现在所用的镍氢电池、新型铅酸蓄电池、镍镉电池、锂离子电池等各种新式高性能电池;驱动电机既有直流电机，也有交流电机;快速充电方法及制动能量回收方法的研究也有很大的进展。