摘 要

随着交通运输业的发展，社会对原材料的需求增加较大，各行各业对特种货物，如大件货物、鲜活易腐货物的需求也逐年增加。但是，有很多的特种货物的需求地并不是在原产地，很多货物都是通过铁路将其运到很远的地区，运输半径通常很远。特种货物运输，特别是铁路特种货物运输，还具备运输线路脉络大、运行环境多、业务性质复杂、不确定成分多、各工序关联性强的性质。特种货物在验收，装载，分离，押运管理，装卸作业，安全防护，应急处理等方面有较高的要求。铁路特种货物又主要分成阔大货物、鲜活货物和危险货物这三种，本论文主要对阔大货物进行研究。首先阔大货物形状复杂、体积巨大、质量极高，这对运输特种货物的能力和安全性提出了更高的要求。之后就是铁路提速，2007年中国铁路开展了第六次大提速，与前五次增速的区别在于，这次增速首次出现在主要繁忙航线，客货混合客流和交通密度较高的情况下。开行200 km/ h的动车组列车。因此，如何协调特种车辆与其他车辆的关系，确保特种车辆的技术性能符合提速要求。这也成为确保特种车辆和其他列车车辆安全的新课题。最后就是铁路电气化趋势对运输特种货物产生风险。铁路电气化在提升运力的同时，也给带来了一定的不利影响。诸如牵引变电站，悬链线和电力机车等电气设备通常配备有高压电源，这对操作人员和特殊货物运输的安全构成一定威胁。另外，由于大件货物的特性和电气段的空间限制，超限货物被用于专用车辆的检查，调度和货物检查，还有装载和卸载操作以及装卸机械的选择和使用外，还有人员和设备安全问题。本论文针对铁路特种货物中，运输阔大货物引发的风险,对其引发因素展开剖析，制定指标并进行评价，从而找出某在特货运输过程中存在的不足并提出改进建议。

关键词：铁路特货；货物运输；阔大货物；风险评价

Special railway transportation risk assessment

——Take the large cargoes as an example

ABSTRACT

With the development of the transportation industry, the demand for raw materials in the society has increased. The demand for special goods, such as large cargoes and fresh and perishable goods, has increased year by year. However, there are a lot of special cargoes that are not used at the production site, but require long-distance, large-tonnage off-site transportation. The transportation radius is usually far away, and many special cargoes are transported by rail. Special cargo transportation, especially railway transportation, also has the characteristics of large transportation network, diverse operating environment, complex business nature, many uncertainties, and strong coupling of various processes. For special goods, there are higher requirements in terms of acceptance, loading, separation, escort management, loading and unloading operations, safety protection, and emergency handling. Railway special cargoes are mainly divided into wide goods, fresh goods and dangerous goods. This paper mainly focuses on the study of large cargo transportation. First of all, large cargoes are characterized by complex shapes, large volumes, and weights of up to hundreds of tons. These characteristics impose higher requirements on railway transportation capacity and safety. Followed by the speed increase of railways, in the first half of 2007, China’s sixth major speed increase was implemented for the railway system. Unlike the previous five speed increases, this speed increase was the first time in major busy lines, passenger and cargo traffic, traffic density. Under very big circumstances, trains with 200km/h EMU trains will be operated. Therefore, how to coordinate the relationship between special vehicles and other vehicles, to ensure that the technical performance of special vehicles to meet the speed requirements, but also to ensure the safety of special vehicles and other trains will become a new topic. Finally, the impact of electrified railway on the safety of special cargo transportation. The electrification of railways, while increasing the transportation capacity, has also brought certain adverse effects on the special railway transportation. Electrical equipment such as traction substations, catenaries, and electric locomotives are usually equipped with high-voltage power, which poses a certain threat to the safety of operators and special cargo transportation. Moreover, due to the characteristics of long and large cargoes, and the space limitations of the electrified sections, there are also problems in the selection and use of loading and unloading of special vehicles, cargo inspection and cargo inspection operations, and loading and unloading operations and loading and unloading machinery. Personal and equipment safety issues. This paper aims at the risk of the transportation of large cargoes in railway special cargoes, analyzes the factors, sets up indicators and evaluates them, so as to find out the defects existing in the special cargo transportation process and put forward suggestions for improvement.

Key words：Special railways; Cargo transportation; Overweight limit; Risk assessment

目 录

1 绪论 - 1 -

1.1 研究背景与意义 - 1 -

1.2 国内外研究现状 - 2 -

1.2.1 国外研究现状 - 2 -

1.2.2 国内研究现状 - 3 -

1.3 研究的主要内容 - 4 -

1.4 研究的技术路线 - 4 -

2 铁路特种货物运输简述 - 5 -

2.1 特种货物运输含义 - 5 -

2.1.1 特种货物的涵义 - 5 -

2.1.2 特种运输的概念 - 5 -

2.2 特种运输的主要类型 - 5 -

2.2.1 危险货物运输 - 5 -

2.2.2 阔大货物运输 - 5 -

2.2.3 鲜活货物运输 - 6 -

3 影响阔大货物运输风险的因素分析 - 8 -

3.1 阔大货物运输的特点 - 8 -

3.1.1 货运成本非常高 - 8 -

3.1.2 阔大货物运输风险高 - 8 -

3.1.3 货运涉及的范围广，过程较为复杂 - 8 -

3.2 装载与加固 - 9 -